Cacao and Cocoa: Is there a Difference?

Submitted by Amy Sercel MS RD CD

Edited by Marcia Bristow MS RDN CSSD CD

The two words are so similar that if you read them quickly you might not even notice they’re spelled differently.  Some websites use them interchangeably, and a Google search for “cacao” will turn up results that include the term “cocoa.”  On the other hand, some health blogs assert that there is a difference between the two, leaving a lot of room for confusion.  Are they two separate things?  Is one better than the other?  It turns out, while “cacao” is usually used to refer to a product that comes out of an earlier stage in the chocolate-making process, there is not technically any difference between the two words, and it’s possible that the only reason there are two terms at all was a simple spelling mistake.¹

All chocolate originates from the tropical cacao tree Theobroma cacao.  These trees produce football-sized pods, which have a hard outer shell and are full of cacao beans surrounded by a sweet pulp.  To begin the chocolate-making process, the pods are harvested and cracked open.  The beans and pulp are then removed and fermented for up to six days, after which the outer shell of the beans is removed and they are roasted.  The fermentation and roasting process causes the chocolate flavor to become richer.²

At this point the product may be sold as a cacao nib, cocoa nib, or cracked cocoa.  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines these terms and states that they all refer to the same thing.³ The cacao nib can be sold unroasted, or it might be heated again after the fermentation stage to improve its flavor.³ Cacao nibs have about 180 calories, 4 grams protein, 14 grams fat, 8 grams carbohydrate, and 6 grams fiber per 1-ounce serving.⁴ They are also high in several different antioxidants, which explains why they are known to improve blood pressure and promote heart health.  Antioxidants break down when exposed to heat, so some people recommend looking for “raw” cacao nibs to get the most health benefits from a chocolate product.^5,6

In the next step in the chocolate-making process, the cacao nib is ground into something known as chocolate liquor.^2,3 This paste may be further separated into cocoa butter (the fat in the cocoa bean) and cocoa powder (the powder you are likely familiar with used in baking and hot chocolate), and each product may go on to be used as an ingredient in another item.  The paste could also be sold as unsweetened chocolate or baking chocolate, or it may be ground up, heated, and mixed with sugar, milk, and vanilla to form a chocolate bar.²

Many health websites recommend eating cacao instead of cocoa on the assumption that cacao is less processed.  This recommendation only adds to confusion, however, because the terms “cacao” and “cocoa” are legally allowed to refer to the same product.  Instead of getting caught up on the difference between cocoa and cacao, look for a less-processed form of chocolate, such as raw cocoa or cacao nibs, which will contain more antioxidants because they have been exposed to less heat.⁶ This is also a great way to enjoy some chocolate without getting all of the added sugar from a chocolate bar!

References:

1.         Coles T. Cacao Nibs: Even Better For You Than Dark Chocolate. Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/08/02/cacao-nibs_n_3695571.html. Published August 2, 2013. Accessed March 19, 2017.

2.         From Bean to Bar | Equal Exchange. http://equalexchange.coop/products/chocolate/steps. Accessed March 20, 2017.

3.         CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=163&showFR=1&subpartNode=21:2.0.1.1.39.2. Accessed March 20, 2017.

4.         USDA. 45010024, SUNFOODS, RAW ORGANIC CACAO NIBS, UPC: 803813030208. USDA Branded Food Products Database. https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/18331?fgcd=&manu=&lfacet=&format=&count=&max=50&offset=&sort=default&order=asc&qlookup=cacao+nibs&ds=&qt=&qp=&qa=&qn=&q=&ing=. Accessed March 20, 2017.

5.         Health Benefits of Raw Cacao Nibs. http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/health-benefits-raw-cacao-nibs-7364.html. Accessed March 20, 2017.

6.         Hu S, Kim B-Y, Baik M-Y. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacity of raw, roasted and puffed cacao beans. Food Chem. 2016;194:1089-1094. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.126.

Prevent Hypertension Before it Starts

Submitted by Amy Sercel MS RD CD

Edited by Marcia Bristow MS RDN CSSD CD

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is considered an “insidious disease” because it doesn’t come with any obvious symptoms.  For most adults, there’s no one definite cause of hypertension, but things like stress, physical inactivity, eating a lot of salt, using tobacco, and drinking a lot of alcohol can all increase your risk.¹ Many people don’t know they have it until it starts to cause complications,² such as damage to the blood vessels, stroke, heart attack, vision loss, memory problems or kidney failure.^1–3 Adults over the age of 50 have a 90% risk of developing hypertension⁴ but until you start getting complications, the only way to know whether you have it is to get your blood pressure checked.  When you do, your doctor will tell you your blood pressure as one number “over” another number.  The first number is your systolic pressure, or the pressure your blood puts on your arteries when your heart is contracting.  The second number is your diastolic pressure, or the pressure your blood puts on your arteries when your heart is relaxed.³

A healthy blood pressure is considered to be 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg), but some researchers believe the risk of complications increases beginning at a blood pressure of 115/75 mmHg, well before 140/90 mmHg when hypertension would be diagnosed.⁴ This means it’s crucial to get your blood pressure checked regularly and take a few precautions in your diet and lifestyle to prevent hypertension in the first place.

Achieve or Maintain a Healthy Weight

Many studies show that weight loss lowers blood pressure.  Ideally your body mass index should be at or below 25, but weight loss will improve your blood pressure even before you reach your goal weight.  Losing about 11 pounds can lead to a reduction of about 4.4/3.6 mmHg.⁴ If you’d like to lose weight, talk to a registered dietitian to learn some strategies to reduce your calorie intake that you’ll be able to maintain for the long term.

Stay Active

The American Heart Association recommends that people do some type of aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes every day to keep their blood pressure low.  Aerobic exercises include power walking, jogging or running, dancing, cycling, swimming, and anything else that gets your heart rate up.  In general, the more intensely you exercise, the better.  Some studies also suggest that resistance exercise, such as weight lifting, can also improve your blood pressure.⁵ Since both aerobic and resistance exercises are also known to help you maintain weight loss, reduce your risk for diabetes, and maintain your muscle mass and balance as you get older, lowering your blood pressure is just one more reason to get active every day!

Choose Nutrient-Dense Foods

The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Diet was developed specifically to help people keep a healthy blood pressure.  Other healthy-eating plans, such as the Mediterranean diet, the OmniHeart diet, and the vegetarian diet, are also known to improve blood pressure.  In general, you should aim for 8-10 servings of fruits and vegetables and 2-3 servings of low-fat dairy each day.  These food groups are high in potassium; people who consume about 4.7 grams of potassium each day tend to have lower blood pressures.⁴

Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are also good sources of fiber, which is associated with reduced blood pressure.  Although your recommended daily intake of fiber is 25-30 grams, most Americans do not meet this recommendation.  Studies have shown that increasing your fiber intake by 14 grams per day can lead to modest improvements in blood pressure.⁴

 Drink Alcohol in Moderation

Studies have shown that the more alcohol you drink, the higher your blood pressure will get, especially if you have more than two drinks per day.  This will happen regardless of your weight, age, and other dietary factors; however, reducing your alcohol intake will lead to improved blood pressure.  At the most, men should have no more than two alcoholic drinks per day and women should have no more than one.⁴ One drink is considered to be 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of liquor.  All of these provide about 14 grams of pure alcohol.⁶

Limit Added Salt and Sugar

It’s pretty well known that eating a lot of sodium can increase your blood pressure.  Studies have shown that blood pressure rises as sodium intake does.  To combat this, people should limit themselves to no more than 2300 milligrams of sodium each day, and people who are over the age of 50 or African American should have no more than 1500 milligrams every day.  Using herbs and spices to flavor your foods and limiting the amount of processed foods you eat will help you keep your sodium intake within these recommendations.⁴

At the same time, studies suggest that eating added sugar will increase your blood pressure four times as much as sodium.  Researchers believe that eating a lot of sugar causes hypertension by promoting inflammation, insulin resistance, and obesity.  The blood sugar spike after eating sugar causes water to move out of the cells and into the blood vessels, raising blood pressure.  It doesn’t take long for a high-sugar diet to impact blood pressure.  After just a few months, people who ate a high-sugar diet had blood pressures that were an average of 7.6/6.1 mmHg higher than those who ate a low-sugar diet.⁷ To combat this, satisfy your sweet tooth with fruits rather than candy or desserts high in added sugar.  Also check the ingredients list on foods such as bread, canned sauces, yogurt, and cereal to make sure that some type of sugar hasn’t been added.

While these recommendations are important for a healthy blood pressure, following them will also help you maintain your weight, reduce your risk for Type 2 Diabetes, and stay healthy while you age. Stay active, choose a variety of fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains, limit alcohol, sodium, and sugar intake, and speak with a registered dietitian if you’d like more personalized recommendations!

References:

1.         High blood pressure (hypertension) Causes. Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/basics/causes/con-20019580. Accessed March 1, 2017.

2.         Hypertension. Tutorials - Pathology Subjects. http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/HYPERTEN/HYPERTEN.html. Accessed February 15, 2017.

3.         5 things you should know about high blood pressure - Nutrition Action. http://www.nutritionaction.com/daily/heart-and-disease-cat/5-things-you-should-know-about-high-blood-pressure/?mqsc=E3871758&utm_source=WhatCountsEmail&utm_medium=Nutrition_Action_Daily_TipsNutrition%20Action%20Daily&utm_campaign=2017.02.13%20Heart%20and%20Disease. Accessed February 14, 2017.

4.         Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Elmer PJ, Sacks FM. Dietary Approaches to Prevent and Treat Hypertension. Hypertension. 2006;47(2):296-308. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000202568.01167.B6.

5.         Brook RD, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M, et al. Beyond Medications and Diet: Alternative Approaches to Lowering Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2013;61(6):1360-1383. doi:10.1161/HYP.0b013e318293645f.

6.         What Is A Standard Drink? | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/what-standard-drink. Accessed March 1, 2017.

7.         DiNicolantonio JJ, O’Keefe JH. Hypertension Due to Toxic White Crystals in the Diet: Should We Blame Salt or Sugar? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;59(3):219-225. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2016.07.004.